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Overview Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment The exact causes of ocular melanoma are not well understood, but several risk factors have been identified. Genetic mutations in melanocytes lead to uncontrolled cellular growth, forming a melanoma. Risk factors include: – Genetic predisposition: Certain genetic conditions and mutations increase susceptibility. – Age: Most common in middle-aged and elderly populations. – Race and Eye Color: Higher incidence in Caucasians and individuals with lighter eye colors. – Sun Exposure: Potential contributing factor, though its role is less significant than in cutaneous melanoma. – Occupational and …

Overview Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Ocular melanoma often presents without early symptoms and may be found incidentally during eye exams. When symptoms appear, they can include: Blurry vision or a gradual loss of visual acuity. Visible dark spot on the iris or choroid. Change in pupil shape or position. Flashes of light or floating objects in vision. Pain or discomfort in the eye, though this is less common. ‹‹Previous (Causes)                        Next (Diagnosis)›› …

Overview Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Diagnosis involves a combination of patient history, visual examination, and advanced imaging techniques: Ultrasound biomicroscopy: To visualize tumors in the iris and ciliary body. Fundus photography and fluorescein angiography: To assess the choroid. Optical coherence tomography (OCT): For detailed imaging of the retina and choroid. Biopsy: Rarely performed but can be necessary to confirm diagnosis and plan treatment. ‹‹Previous (Symptoms)                        Next (Treatment)›› …

Overview Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Treatment depends on the size, location, and extent of the tumor, as well as the patient’s overall health: Radiation Therapy: Plaque brachytherapy and proton beam therapy are commonly used. Surgical Options: Including local resection or enucleation in advanced cases. Laser Therapy: For small tumors or in conjunction with other treatments. Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapy: For metastatic disease, focusing on specific molecular targets identified through genetic testing. Ongoing Research and Future Directions Research is crucial in improving understanding and treatment of ocular melanoma. Current studies focus …

Overview Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Introduction Ocular melanoma is a rare and serious form of cancer that affects the eye. Despite its rarity, it is crucial for healthcare professionals and patients to understand its complexity due to its aggressive nature and potential for significant impact on vision and overall health. This article provides an in-depth look at ocular melanoma, covering its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and the importance of ongoing research. Disease Overview Ocular melanoma, also known as uveal or choroidal melanoma, occurs in about 5 per million adults …

Diagnostics Acne Overview Causes Diagnostics Treatment Complication Acne diagnosis by a general practitioner entails visual examination of the skin, encompassing areas like the face, chest, or back, to identify various lesions such as blackheads or inflamed nodules. Treatment protocols and referral decisions hinge upon the severity of the condition, typically categorized as mild, moderate, or severe. Mild cases primarily feature whiteheads and blackheads, occasionally accompanied by papules and pustules. Moderate presentations exhibit a wider distribution of whiteheads and blackheads, often accompanied by numerous papules and pustules. Severe instances entail the …

Overview Causes Symptoms Diagnostic Approaches Treatment Strategies Preventive Measures Complications Treatment Recent advances in treatment options have focused on improving the efficacy of existing therapies and minimizing side effects. One such innovation is the development of new topical antifungal agents that penetrate the nail more effectively. Another area of advancement is in the use of laser and photodynamic therapies, which offer a novel approach by targeting the fungi directly References: DermNet NZ. (n.d.). Onychomycosis. Retrieved from https://dermnetnz.org/topics/onychomycosis Mayo Clinic. (n.d.). Nail fungus. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nail-fungus/ NHS. (n.d.). Fungal nail infection. …

Overview Causes Symptoms Diagnostic Approaches Treatment Strategies Preventive Measures Complications Treatment Untreated fungal nail infections can lead to permanent damage to the nails, spread to other parts of the body, and cause secondary bacterial infections. The complications can significantly affect mobility and quality of life, particularly if pain or significant nail deformation occurs. ‹‹Previous (Treatment Strategies)                     Next (Treatment)›› …

Overview Causes Symptoms Diagnostic Approaches Treatment Strategies Preventive Measures Complications Treatment Preventing fungal nail infections focuses on reducing exposure to fungi and improving nail care. Preventive strategies include: Maintaining foot hygiene: Regular washing and thorough drying of feet. Using breathable footwear: Choosing shoes made of materials that allow air circulation. Avoiding walking barefoot: Especially in damp communal areas like showers and pools. Managing health conditions: Keeping diabetes and circulation problems well-managed to reduce infection risk ‹‹Previous (Treatment Strategies)                     Next (Complications)›› …

Overview Causes Symptoms Diagnostic Approaches Treatment Strategies Preventive Measures Complications Treatment Treatment aims to eradicate the fungus, restore the nail’s appearance, and prevent recurrence. Treatment modalities include: Topical agents: Such as ciclopirox or amorolfine, are effective for mild infections. Oral antifungal medications: Drugs like terbinafine and itraconazole are prescribed for more severe cases but can have side effects and require monitoring. Mechanical debridement: Physically removing the affected nail area can reduce fungal load and improve topical treatment efficacy. Laser and light-based therapies: These emerging treatments have shown promise in treating …

Overview Causes Symptoms Diagnostic Approaches Treatment Strategies Preventive Measures Complications Treatment Diagnosing onychomycosis is vital for effective treatment and involves both clinical examination and laboratory tests. The diagnosis often starts with a visual inspection to identify typical signs of fungal infections. Further diagnostic methods include: KOH Testing: This involves scraping the nail and treating it with potassium hydroxide to dissolve the keratin and reveal fungal elements under a microscope. Culture: Nail samples are cultured to identify the specific fungus responsible for the infection. Histological Examination: Nail clippings are stained and …

Overview Causes Symptoms Diagnostic Approaches Treatment Strategies Preventive Measures Complications Treatment Fungal nail infections usually start as a white or yellow spot under the nail tip, progressing to thickening and discoloration. Symptoms include: Discoloration: Nails may turn yellow, brown, or white. Thickening and Distortion: Nails become thick and can change shape. Brittleness and Raggedness: Nails may crumble easily at the edges. Separation from the nail bed (onycholysis) often accompanied by a foul odor. These symptoms can cause significant discomfort, especially when wearing shoes, and can be quite painful if the …