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TreatmentDiscoid lupus erythematosus Overview Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Complications Treatment of DLE involves both general and specific measures. General measures include sun protection, smoking cessation, and vitamin D supplementation. Local therapy often includes potent or ultrapotent topical corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, …

DiagnosisDiscoid lupus erythematosus Overview Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Complications Diagnosis of DLE involves a thorough examination of the distribution and clinical appearance of plaques, often confirmed via skin biopsy. Features observed in biopsy specimens can vary depending on the stage …

SymptomsDiscoid lupus erythematosus Overview Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Complications The clinical features of localized DLE include the evolution of dry red patches into red plaques with adherent scale, often accompanied by follicular hyperkeratosis. As DLE progresses, atrophic scarring and scarring …

CausesDiscoid lupus erythematosus Overview Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Complications The causes of DLE are both endogenous and exogenous. Endogenous factors involve genetic predisposition, particularly major histocompatibility complex alleles HLA-DQA1 and DRB1, and certain genetic polymorphisms associated with cytokine regulation. Exogenous …

OverviewDiscoid lupus erythematosus Overview Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Complications Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is a chronic scarring skin condition and the most common form of cutaneous lupus. It is characterized by persistent scaly plaques on the scalp, face, and ears, …

SymptomsDiscoid eczema Overview Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Symptoms manifest as distinctive circular or oval patches, typically excluding the face or scalp, initially appearing as small spots or bumps that coalesce into larger patches, ranging from millimeters to centimeters in size. …

Treatment Alopecia areata Overview Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Topical Treatments Corticosteroids: Applied directly to the bald patches to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune response. These are most effective for small patches of hair loss. Minoxidil: Over-the-counter medication that can …

Diagnosis Alopecia areata Overview Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Diagnostic Methods Alopecia areata is primarily diagnosed based on clinical features. Dermatologists may perform a detailed examination of the scalp and other affected areas. Diagnostic tools include: Trichoscopy: Examination of hair and …

Symptoms Alopecia areata Overview Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Hair Loss Patterns The primary symptom of alopecia areata is the sudden onset of hair loss, typically in small, round or oval patches. These patches are usually smooth and can vary in …

Causes Alopecia areata Overview Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Immune System Dysfunction Alopecia areata is primarily driven by an autoimmune response, where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks hair follicles. This immune response causes inflammation around the hair follicles, disrupting the …

Overview Alopecia areata Overview Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Definition and Mechanism Alopecia areata is a chronic autoimmune condition characterized by sudden, non-scarring hair loss. It occurs when the immune system erroneously targets hair follicles, resulting in hair loss that can …